Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions
Robert Plutchik identified eight primary emotions which he coordinated in pairs of opposites:
- joy versus sadness
- trust versus disgust
- fear versus anger
- anticipation versus surprise
Plutchik’s eight primary emotions are Joy, Trust, Fear, Surprise, Sadness, Anticipation, Anger, and Disgust. Each primary emotion has a polar opposite, so that:
- Joy is the opposite of Sadness
- Fear is the opposite of Anger
- Anticipation is the opposite of Surprise
- Disgust is the opposite of Trust
| Primary Emotions Combined | Emotion Produced from Primary Emotion Combination | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anger + Anticipation | Aggressiveness | |||
| 2 | Anticipation + Joy | Optimism | |||
| 3 | Joy + Trust | Love | |||
| 4 | Trust + Fear | Submission | |||
| 5 | Fear + Surprise | Alarm Awe | |||
| 6 | Surprise + Sadness | Disappointment Disapproval | |||
| 7 | Sadness + Disgust | Remorse | |||
| 8 | Disgust + Anger | Contempt | |||
| 9 | Anger + Joy | Pride | |||
| 10 | Anticipation + Trust | Fatalism Hope | |||
| 11 | Joy + Fear | Guilt | |||
| 12 | Trust + Surprise | Curiosity | |||
| 13 | Fear + Sadness | Despair | |||
| 14 | Surprise + Disgust | Unbelief Shock | |||
| 15 | Sadness + Anger | Envy | |||
| 16 | Disgust + Anticipation | Cynicism | |||
| 17 | Anger + Trust | Dominance | |||
| 18 | Anticipation + Fear | Anxiety | |||
| 19 | Joy + Surprise | Delight | |||
| 20 | Trust + Sadness | Sentimentality | |||
| 21 | Fear + Disgust | Shame | |||
| 22 | Surprise + Anger | Outrage | |||
| 23 | Sadness + Anticipation | Pessimism | |||
| 24 | Disgust + Joy | Morbidness |
Table 2:
| Adaptive Behavior | Emotion |
|---|---|
| Protection: Withdrawal, retreat | Fear, Terror |
| Destruction: Elimination of barriers to the satisfaction of needs | Anger. Rage |
| Incorporation: Ingesting nourishment | Acceptance |
| Rejection: Riddance response to harmful material | Disgust |
| Reproduction: Approach, contact, genetic exchanges | Joy, Pleasure |
| Reintegration: Reaction to loss of a nutrient product | Sadness, grief |
| Exploration: Investigating an environment | Curiosity, Play |
| Orientation: Reaction to contact with unfamiliar object | Surprise |
Table 3:
| Stimulus Event | Cognition/Interpretation | Feeling State | Overt Behavior | Effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Threat | 'Danger' | Fear | Escape | Safety | ||
| Obstacle | 'Enemy' | Anger | Attack | Destroy Obstacle | ||
| Gain of Valued Object | 'Possess' | Joy | Retain or Repeat | Gain Resources or New Genes | ||
| Loss of Valued Object | 'Abandonment' | Sadness | Cry | Reattach with Lost Object | ||
| Member of One's Group | 'Friend' | Acceptance | Groom | Mutual Support | ||
| Unwanted object | 'Poison' | Disgust | Vomit | Eject Poison | ||
| New Territory | 'Examine' | Expectation | Map | Knowledge of Territory | ||
| Unexpected Event | 'What is it?' | Surprise | Stop | Gain Time to Orient |
https://study.com/learn/lesson/plutchik-emotion-wheel.html
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2014/Plutchik%27s_wheel_of_emotions
May 2015, Nov 2022